A study looking at biomarkers before and after surgery of the prostate, bladder, penis or kidney

Surgery is a treatment for cancer and non cancerous (benign) conditions of the prostate, bladder, penis and kidney. The number of people having this type of surgery is increasing.

This means that more people are at risk of complications after surgery. For example, bleeding and infection. Also, an increasing number of those people with cancer have cancer that comes back (recurrence) or continues to grow.

Doctors would like to find ways to monitor patients more closely. It would be useful to predict who is going to have a problem or complication after their treatment. And who is more likely to have recurrence.