Treatment
This page is about treatment options for people who have prostate cancer that hasn’t spread to other parts of the body. This is also called non metastatic prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is called metastatic prostate cancer. We have separate information about treatment for metastatic prostate cancer.
Go to our information about metastatic prostate cancer
A team of doctors and other professionals recommend the best treatment and care for you. They are called a multidisciplinary team (MDT). The team includes a:
doctor who specialises in prostate problems - this is a urologist
doctor who specialises in cancer - this is an oncologist
specialist nurse or clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
doctor who specialises in understanding scans such as MRI scans - this is a radiologist
doctor who specialises in looking at cells under the microscope - this is a pathologist
Your team reviews the scans and tests and recommends the best treatment for you. They will explain its benefits and possible side effects.
In the UK, doctors divide prostate cancer into 5 prognostic groups. This is the Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG). The 5 groups are from CPG 1 to CPG 5. Your CPG depends on:
the tumour stage - this is the T stage from the TNM staging
what the cancer cells look under a microscope - this is the Grade Group or Gleason score
your PSA blood test level
The TNM staging system tells you about how big the cancer is and whether it has spread.
The CPG helps your doctor recommend if you need treatment and the type of treatment you need. The treatment recommendations are based on national guidelines. Doctors also consider other factors when recommending the best treatment for you including:
your age and general health
how you feel about the treatment and side effects
You might not be able to have treatment because of your age or other health issues. Instead, your doctor might monitor the cancer with watchful waiting. They will only recommend treatment if the cancer starts to cause you symptoms.
Some doctors may still use an older system to help them make decide about your treatment. This divides prostate cancer into 3 risk groups. In this system, risk refers to how likely it is that cancer will come back after treatment. The groups are:
low risk prostate cancer
medium or intermediate risk prostate cancer
high risk prostate cancer
Find out more about the Cambridge prognostic groups and risk groups
Your doctor might not recommend treatment straight away. Sometimes they may recommend monitoring your cancer. You only start treatment if the cancer begins to grow. Depending on your situation, they may call this:
active surveillance
watchful waiting
If you need treatment, you might have one of the following treatment options:
Surgery is one of the main treatments for prostate cancer. You usually have a radical prostatectomy. This means removing the whole of the prostate gland.
Read about surgery for prostate cancer
You might have radiotherapy as your main treatment. Radiotherapy uses high energy waves similar to x-rays to kill prostate cancer cells. External radiotherapy uses a machine outside the body to direct radiation beams at the cancer.
Read about external radiotherapy for prostate cancer
You might have a type of internal radiotherapy called brachytherapy for prostate cancer. This means you have a radioactive source inside the prostate. The radioactive source releases radiation to destroy the prostate cancer cells.
Read about brachytherapy for prostate cancer
Prostate cancer usually depends on to grow. Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the amount of testosterone in the body. You might have hormone therapy with radiotherapy for prostate cancer that hasn't spread to another part of your body.
Read about hormone therapy for prostate cancer
Your doctor recommends whether you need treatment. And if you do, they recommend which treatment options are best for you. This depends on which Cambridge prognostic group (CPG) you are in:
You might not have treatment straight away. Instead, your doctor will recommend monitoring your cancer closely. They then discuss treatment with you if the cancer changes in the future. This is called active surveillance.
If instead you decide to have treatment straight away, it might include one of the following:
surgery to remove your prostate
external radiotherapy
internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy)
You usually have a choice between:
active surveillance
surgery to remove your prostate
external radiotherapy on its own or with hormone therapy
internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy) with or without external radiotherapy and hormone therapy
Your doctor will recommend you have one of the following treatments:
surgery to remove your prostate
external radiotherapy and hormone therapy
internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy) with external radiotherapy and hormone therapy
They may suggest active surveillance if you don’t want to have treatment straightway.
Your doctor usually recommends that you have treatment. You might have:
surgery to remove your prostate
external radiotherapy with hormone therapy
internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy) with external radiotherapy and hormone therapy
chemotherapy with a drug called docetaxel
hormone therapy
It can be difficult to choose the best treatment for you. Your doctors and specialist nurse will explain the different treatment options. They can help you make a decision. The Predict Prostate tool can also help you decide. We have more information about this tool further down this page.
Clinical trials have compared different treatment options for prostate cancer. The ProtecT clinical trial compared the following 3 treatment options:
external beam radiotherapy to the prostate (plus hormone therapy for up to 6 months before)
surgery to remove the prostate (radical prostatectomy)
regular tests and check ups (active monitoring)
The trial followed the men for up to 15 years after diagnosis. It showed that there can be very little difference in survival between the treatment options.
The table below shows the percentage of men who survive in the different treatment option groups.
Treatment option | Percentage of men who survive after 15 years |
|---|---|
Active surveillance | 97 out of 100 (97%) |
Surgery to remove your prostate (radical prostatectomy) | 97 out of 100 (97%) |
Radiotherapy aiming to cure cancer (radical) | 98 out of 100 (98%) |
The same trial also looked at the number of men whose cancer spread to other parts of their body. Doctors call this distant metastases. The table below shows the percentage of men who developed distant metastases in the different treatment option groups.
Treatment | Percentage of men who had distant metastases after 15 years |
|---|---|
Active surveillance | 9 out of 100 (9%) |
Surgery to remove your prostate (radical prostatectomy) | 5 out of 100 (5%) |
Radiotherapy aiming to cure cancer (radical) | 5 out of 100 (5%) |
Each treatment option has its own advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these is an important part of choosing a treatment.
Your healthcare team will help you understand the side effects and how common they are. You might not get all the side effects. But when you choose a treatment, you should think about how you might cope with possible problems.
The table below shows some results from the ProtecT trial. It shows how the treatment options affected quality of life after treatment.
The table below shows the percentage of men who had problems 2 years after treatment. You might need to swipe right to see the full table.
Some problem with leaking urine | Moderate/severe problem with leaking urine | Moderate/severe erection problems | Leaked poo more than once a week | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Active surveillance | 45 out of 100 (45%) | 5 out of 100 (5%) | 34 out of 100 (34%) | 5 out of 100 (5%) |
Surgery to remove the prostate | 67 out of 100 (67%) | 11 out of 100 (11%) | 58 out of 100 (58%) | 4 out of 100 (4%) |
Radiotherapy aiming to cure cancer (radical) | 44 out of 100 (44%) | 4 out of 100 (4%) | 37 out of 100 (37%) | 10 out of 100 (10%) |
You can look at a summary of the long term side effects in our ProtecT trial result summary on our clinical trials database.
Read more about the ProtecT trial results
If you are asked to choose your treatment you might want to consider the following factors:
How likely is it that the cancer will cause problems in your lifetime.
How do you feel about living with the cancer in your body and not having treatment.
What are your options and what do they involve.
What are the side effects.
How do you feel about the different treatments.
Are there some side effects that would bother you more than others.
How the treatment side effects might affect your sex life.
How you feel about what is involved practically – for example, spending time in hospital, recovery time or having a general anaesthetic.
How quickly do you want to know how well the treatment is working.
Are some options better if you have other medical conditions.
What are your treatment options if the cancer comes back in the future.
It can be hard to make a complex decision by yourself. Your doctor can help. You could write down questions to ask at your next appointment. You might want to take someone with you to your appointment. There may also be a specialist nurse you can talk things through with.
You might find it helpful to discuss things with your friends and family. Or you can talk to the Cancer Research UK nurses on freephone 0808 800 4040, from 9 to 5, Monday to Friday.
It can help to speak with other men who have made similar decisions. Your specialist might be able to put you in touch with other men with prostate cancer. Or you can talk to men on the Cancer Research UK forum, Cancer chat.
You might also want to get a second opinion from a different doctor. There are different types of doctors who treat prostate cancer. These include surgeons (urologists) and radiotherapy specialists (clinical oncologists). Talking to each type of doctor can help you understand your options fully.
The Predict Prostate tool can help you decide between monitoring and more radical treatment. It is for men who have:
prostate cancer that hasn't spread
a Cambridge Prognostic Group (CPG) of 1, 2 or 3
The tool can't tell you exactly what is going to happen in the future. But it gives you an idea about the differences in survival between the different treatment options. The tool works less well for men with a very high PSA or those with a fast growing or large cancer.
To be able to use the tool you need to know the following about your cancer:
PSA level
T stage of your cancer
the Grade Group
how much cancer there is - this is based on the number of biopsy samples that contained cancer divided by the number of biopsies taken
Speak to your doctor if you want to find out more about this or if you need help using the tool. There is a video explaining what the tool is about. The video is 1 minute and 46 seconds long.
Go to the Predict Prostate web tool video
Your doctor might ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial. Doctors and researchers do trials to make existing treatments better and develop new treatments.
Find out about the latest research into prostate cancer
You might want to read about the different types of treatments for prostate cancer. We have information about:
Last reviewed: 18 Jun 2025
Next review due: 18 Jun 2028
You might have active surveillance if you’ve been diagnosed with prostate cancer that doesn't need treatment straight away. Watchful waiting is another way of monitoring your cancer.
Surgery is one of the main treatments for prostate cancer. You usually have a radical prostatectomy. This means removing the whole of the prostate gland.
Radiotherapy uses high energy waves similar to x-rays to kill prostate cancer cells. You might have external beam radiotherapy or internal radiotherapy (brachytherapy).
Prostate cancer usually depends on testosterone to grow. Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the amount of testosterone in the body.
Chemotherapy is a common treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. The most common type is docetaxel. You usually have it together with hormone therapy.
The TNM staging is a way of describing how far prostate cancer has grown. It stands for Tumour, Node, Metastasis.
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