Stage 3 anal cancer
Stage 3 anal cancer means the cancer can be any size and is one of the following:
- growing into nearby organs such as the
vagina 
, urethra or bladder - has spread to the nearby
lymph nodes - has both grown into nearby organs and spread to nearby lymph nodes
The cancer hasn't spread to distant body parts.
Stage 3 is divided into 3 groups. These are 3A, 3B and 3C.
TNM staging
Doctors also use another staging system for anal cancer. They call this the TNM staging system. It stands for tumour, node and metastasis:
- T describes the size of the tumour
- N describes whether there are any cancer cells in the nearby lymph nodes
- M describes whether the cancer has spread elsewhere in the body
The TNM system describes the cancer in detail. The number staging system puts these details together to give an overall stage.
Stage 3A
This means the cancer is no bigger than 5cm. And has spread to nearby lymph nodes in the rectum, pelvis or the groin. But it hasn't spread to other parts of the body.
Number stage 3A is the same as the TNM stages:
- T1, N1, M0
- T2, N1, M0
Stage 3B
This means the cancer is any size and is growing into the surrounding organs, such as the:
- bladder
- urethra
- vagina
The cancer hasn't spread to the nearby lymph nodes or any other parts of the body.
Number stage 3B is the same as T4, N0, M0 in the TNM staging system.
Stage 3C
This means the cancer has spread to the nearby lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
The cancer can be larger than 5cm, but hasn't grown into the surrounding organs, such as the urethra, vagina or bladder.
This is the same as TNM stage T3, N1, M0.
Stage 3C can also mean a cancer of any size that has grown into organs such as the urethra, vagina or bladder, as well as the nearby lymph nodes.
This is the same as TNM stage T4, N1, M0.
Your doctor will explain how big the cancer is and if it has spread to the surrounding organs.
Treatment for stage 3 anal cancer
Knowing the stage of the cancer helps your doctor decide which treatment is best for you. Treatment can also depend on:
- the type of cells the cancer started in
- any other health conditions you have
Cell type
Treatment for stage 3 anal cancer depends on what type of cell the cancer started in. This treatment information is about stage 3 anal cancer that starts in cells called squamous cells. Cancer that starts in squamous cells is called a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
Chemoradiotherapy
The main treatment for stage 3 anal cancer is chemoradiotherapy. This means you have both:
- chemotherapy
- radiotherapy
Chemotherapy uses anti cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. These drugs are also called cytotoxic drugs. They circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream. Radiotherapy uses high energy waves similar to x-rays to kill cancer cells.
When you have finished your treatment, your doctor will check that the cancer has completely gone.
Unfortunately, chemoradiotherapy isn't suitable for everyone. Your doctor will talk to you about other options if they feel it isn't the best treatment for you.
If your doctor thinks there are still cancer cells
If your doctor thinks there is any cancer left after chemoradiotherapy, they take a sample of tissue (biopsy) from the area. If this contains cancer cells, they will talk to you about further treatment. This may include surgery to remove:
- your anus
- your back passage (rectum)
- the last part of your large bowel (colon)
This is a very large operation called an abdominoperineal resection (APR). Your surgeon and an will make sure you are well enough to have this operation.
