What is anal cancer?

Anal cancer is when abnormal cells in the anus divide in an uncontrolled way. It can start in different parts of the anus and different types of cell.

Symptoms of anal cancer

Anal cancer symptoms may include bleeding, bowel changes and severe itching around the anus (pruritus). It is important to see your doctor if you have any of these symptoms.

Getting diagnosed with anal cancer

If you have symptoms of anal cancer you should see your GP. They might ask you to have some tests and may refer you to a specialist.

Stages and types of anal cancer

The stage of anal cancer tells you how big it is and whether it has spread. The type tells you which type of cell the cancer started in.

Risks and causes of anal cancer

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the biggest risk factor for anal cancer. Other factors include getting older or having a weakened immune system.

Treatment for anal cancer

Treatments include radiotherapy with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) and surgery. For advanced cancer you might have chemotherapy or radiotherapy on their own. 

Living with anal cancer

If you have anal cancer, there can be practical and emotional changes you may need help and support to cope with.

Survival for anal cancer

Survival for anal cancer depends on different factors. Because this cancer is rare, survival is harder to estimate than for more common cancers.

Research and clinical trials

Researchers are currently looking at better ways to treat anal cancer and manage treatment side effects.

Last reviewed: 
15 Aug 2025
Next review due: 
15 Aug 2028