Anal cancer

Anal cancer is when abnormal cells in the anus divide in an uncontrolled way. It can start in different parts of the anus and different types of cell.

Anal cancer symptoms may include bleeding, bowel changes and severe itching around the anus (pruritus). It is important to see your doctor if you have any of these symptoms.

If you have symptoms of anal cancer you should see your GP. They might ask you to have some tests and may refer you to a specialist.

The stage of anal cancer tells you how big it is and whether it has spread. The type tells you which type of cell the cancer started in.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the biggest risk factor for anal cancer. Other factors include getting older or having a weakened immune system.

Treatments include radiotherapy with chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) and surgery. For advanced cancer you might have chemotherapy or radiotherapy on their own.

If you have anal cancer, there can be practical and emotional changes you may need help and support to cope with.

Survival for anal cancer depends on different factors. Because this cancer is rare, survival is harder to estimate than for more common cancers.

Researchers are currently looking at better ways to treat anal cancer and manage treatment side effects.