Preparing for surgery
What happens before your operation will vary slightly depending on exactly where your cancer is and the type of operation you are having.
Waiting for your surgery date
You may be told that you need to have surgery but then have to wait a few weeks for the operation. This can be a difficult time emotionally. But it does give you time to prepare yourself and have any tests you may need beforehand. It is also a chance to sort things out at home or work, should you need to.
You might feel anxious before an operation. But the more you know about what is going to happen, the less frightening it will seem.
Tips for coping with surgery
- Ask your doctors and nurses lots of questions about the operation.
- Be sure about what you need to do before the operation and what to expect afterwards.
- Get things ready to go in to hospital, such as nightwear, books, music and magazines.
- Try relaxation techniques as these can be good if you are nervous.
- Try to stop smoking because it helps your recovery if you do.
What happens before surgery?
Before surgery you:
- have tests to check your general health
- meet members of your team, including the surgeon
- discuss the operation with your surgeon and sign a consent form
This may all happen at a pre assessment clinic, up to 2 weeks before your operation. This allows time to add nutritional drinks to your diet if you need to build yourself up before surgery. You might also need to stop taking some medicines, such as anticoagulants which thin the blood.
Sometimes you only prepare for the operation once you are admitted to hospital for your operation.
Most people are admitted on the morning of their operation or the day before.
Tests to check your general health
Before any operation you need to have some tests to make sure you are well enough to have the anaesthetic and operation. These may include:
Blood tests
Blood tests include a full blood count to check that you are able to fight infections, that your blood can clot normally, and that you aren’t 
. Blood tests can also check how well your liver and kidneys are working. You might have your blood type checked in case you need a during the operation.
Urine tests
Your doctor or nurse may ask you to give a urine sample so that they can check that your kidneys are working normally. They can also check for infections.
You might have a pregnancy test.
Chest x-ray
A chest x-ray shows how well your lungs are working and checks for infections.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An electrocardiogram checks how well your heart is working. This is the test where you have small sticky pads put on your chest that are attached to wires. It shows your heart beat as an electrical trace on a screen.
Other tests
You might need other scans or x-rays to check the position and size of your cancer, and whether it has spread. Exactly what you need depends on the type of cancer you have.
Pre assessment clinic
2 weeks before your surgery you have an appointment at the hospital pre assessment clinic.
You will see your surgeon before your operation. You may also see an anaesthetist, pharmacist or other members of your treatment team. You may see them during your pre assessment or at a separate appointment.
Speech and language therapist
A speech therapist will visit you before your operation to discuss the different ways of communicating after surgery.
Eating and drinking
If you have been finding it difficult to eat and drink, you may need to go into hospital for a few days or weeks before the operation.
Your surgeon may put a feeding tube into your stomach through a hole made in your tummy (abdominal wall). Liquid food given through the tube helps to build up your weight and strength before the surgery.
Learning breathing and leg exercises
Breathing exercises help to stop you from getting a chest infection after surgery. If you smoke, it helps if you can stop at least a few weeks before your operation.
Leg exercises help to stop blood clots forming in your legs. You might also have medicines to stop the blood from clotting. You have them as small injections under the skin.
You start the injections after your operation. You might also wear compression stockings and pumps on your calves or feet to help the circulation.
Your nurse and physiotherapist will get you up out of bed quite quickly after your surgery. This is to help prevent chest infections and blood clots forming.
This 3-minute video shows you how to do the breathing and leg exercises.
Breathing and circulation exercises after surgery
These exercises help prevent you developing a chest infection or blood clots in your legs after surgery. These problems are more likely when you are not moving around as you would normally.
You can do these breathing exercises while sitting up in a chair or in a bed or whilst lying down.
Relax your shoulders and upper chest.
Take a slow, deep, comfortable breath in and hold for a couple of seconds, then slowly breathe out.
Repeat this 3 times.
You can start these breathing exercises as soon as you come round from your anaesthetic.
You should try to do them every hour when awake until you are fully mobile.
If you need to cough, support your wound with your arms, a pillow or a rolled up towel.
If you are struggling to clear any phlegm, try a huff. This is where you breathe out in a short, sharp manner as if you were trying to steam up a mirror.
You should move about as soon as possible after your operation. But while you are not as mobile, try to keep your legs moving to encourage better circulation.
You can do these exercises in a bed or in a chair.
One foot at a time point your toes away from you then pull your toes towards your chin.
Try to do 10 of these on both feet at least 2-3 times an hour.
The next exercise is circling your ankles. One at time circle your ankles, clockwise and then anticlockwise. Repeat this 10 times with each ankle 2-3 times an hour.
Signing the consent form
Before you have any operation you need to sign a consent form. This is a written agreement between you and the surgeon, saying that you give permission for them to do the operation.
Before you sign it your surgeon explains:
- why you need the operation
- whether you have any other treatment options
- what the aim of the surgery is
- how they will do the surgery
- any risks or complications
- possible side effects of the surgery and whether they are short or long term
You might also see a specialist nurse who can go over the details again. They are able to answer your questions. Your surgeon or specialist nurse usually gives you written information about the operation.
Having a friend or family member with you can help you remember and understand what the surgeon or nurse says. You should only sign the consent form once you understand fully about the operation.
The evening before
You might go into hospital the evening before or the morning of your surgery.
Your nurse might give you a carbohydrate-rich drink to have the evening before the operation. You might also have it the following morning. The drink gives you energy and can speed up your recovery.
When you're in hospital your nurse will check your:
- blood pressure
- pulse
- temperature
- breathing rate
You might have fluids through a drip (intravenous infusion) into your arm. This is usually if you have been finding it difficult to drink.
