Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis causes scarring of the bone marrow. Myelo means bone marrow and fibrosis relates to the development of fibrous or scar tissue. The scar tissue builds up inside your bone marrow and blood cells can't develop properly.
Myelofibrosis can affect people of any age. But it usually affects middle-aged and older people. The average age at diagnosis is 65 years.
Pre-fibrotic or early stage primary mylofibrosis means you have changes to your bone marrow but you do not have any bone marrow scarring.
People who have no history of problems with their bone marrow can get primary myelofibrosis. This is called primary myelofibrosis (PMF) or sometimes chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis.
Secondary myelofibrosis is where the condition develops in people who have other bone marrow disorders. For example, disorders such as polycythaemia vera or essential thrombocythaemia.
Myelofibrosis is a type of blood disorder called a myeloproliferative neoplasm. These are conditions that cause an increase in the number of blood cells.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classes all myeloproliferative neoplasms as blood cancers. This is because the bone marrow is producing blood cells in an uncontrolled way. But many people with myeloproliferative neoplasms feel well and only need gentle treatment. The disorders often develop slowly and progress slowly. Or they can remain stable for a while.
Find out more about myeloproliferative neoplasms
The bone marrow is the soft inner part of our bones that makes blood cells. All blood cells start from the same type of cell, called a stem cell. The stem cell makes immature blood cells.
The immature cells go through various stages of development before they become fully developed blood cells and are released into the blood as:
red blood cells to carry oxygen around our bodies
white blood cells to fight infection
platelets to help the blood clot
The diagram shows how the various types of cell develop from a single blood stem cell.
In people with myelofibrosis, the bone marrow is too active, then scar tissue builds up (fibrosis). Because of this, blood cells are not made properly. The bone marrow gradually produces fewer blood cells. As the number of new blood cells in the bone marrow falls, the liver and try to help by making more blood cells. But they are not as good at making them as the bone marrow. So you might have too few red blood cells ( ).
The spleen can become bigger (enlarged). Instead of releasing the red blood cells into the blood it keeps hold of them. This might cause discomfort in your tummy or make you feel full when you eat. As myelofibrosis develops, the bone marrow also makes fewer and .
How myelofibrosis develops in people can vary. Treatment can control myelofibrosis for many people for some time.
Some people develop more serious problems. For example, heart disease and infections that might be difficult to control.
Around 20 out of every 100 people (around 20%) go on to develop acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). AML is a type of blood cancer.
In this situation, your doctor would talk to you about starting treatment for AML.
Go to information about acute myeloid leukaemia
We don’t know exactly what causes primary myelofibrosis. Some research suggests that exposure to the chemical benzene may increase your risk of developing myeloproliferative neoplasms. You are most likely to come into contact with benzene through work. It is used in the rubber industry and is one of the chemicals in petrol.
Changes in the JAK2, CALR, and MPL genes are seen in people with primary myelofibrosis.
More than 55 in 100 people (more than 55%) with myelofibrosis have a change in a called JAK2. The JAK2 gene makes a protein that controls how many blood cells the stem cells make.
Up to 35 in 100 people (up to 35%) have a change in the CALR gene. And about 8 in 100 people (about 8%) have a change in the MLP gene. When the gene becomes your bone marrow may not function correctly. This means scar tissue can build up in your bone marrow.
About 10 in 100 people with primary myelofibrosis (around 10%) will not have any of these particular gene changes.
Some people with myelofibrosis have a history of essential thrombocythaemia or polycythaemia vera.
Find out more about essential thrombocythaemia and polycythaemia vera
Myelofibrosis usually develops slowly and doesn’t cause symptoms at first. Some people find out about their myelofibrosis when having a blood test for something else.
As the condition progresses it causes symptoms. These might include:
tiredness and shortness of breath - due to low numbers of red blood cells
bleeding and bruising easily - due to low numbers of platelets
pain and discomfort in the tummy (abdomen) due to enlarged spleen and liver
bone pain
gout - you might have painful, stiff or swollen joints
loss of appetite and weight loss
fever
night sweats
very itchy skin (pruritus)
Myelofibrosis is rare, so if you have any of these symptoms it is more likely to be something else. But it is still important to contact your doctor to find out what is causing them.
Last reviewed: 07 Nov 2023
Next review due: 07 Nov 2026
The first test to diagnose myelofibrosis is usually a blood test. Read about this, other tests, and the treatment you might have.
Researchers around the world are looking at better ways to treat myelofibrosis and manage treatment side effects.
Coping with a rare condition can be difficult both practically and emotionally. Being well informed about your condition and possible treatments can make it easier to make decisions and cope with what happens.
AML starts from young white blood cells called granulocytes or monocytes in the bone marrow. Find out about symptoms, how it is diagnosed and treated, and how to cope.
Polycythaemia vera (PV) is a rare blood cancer that affects the bone marrow.
Essential thrombocythaemia is a rare blood cancer that causes a high number of blood cells called platelets to form. These are blood cells involved in blood clotting.
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