Where this bowel cancer information comes from

All our information is checked by cancer specialists and surgeons who specialise in treating cancer. The names of our specialist reviewers are at the end of this list. We also try to find patients to review all our sections. If you have had bowel cancer, live in the UK, and would like to become a patient reviewer, you can write to us by clicking on contact us.

Cancer Research UK
CancerStats Series

NHS Cancer Screening Programme website
www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel

European Perspective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
http://epic.iarc.fr/index.php

US National Cancer Institute
Information on the treatment of bowel cancer 
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/colon-and-rectal

Cancer and its management (6th edition)
Tobias J and Hochhauser D
Blackwell, 2010

Principles and practice of oncology (8th edition)
De Vita, V.T., Hellman, S. and Rosenberg S.A.
Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2008

TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (5th edition)
Editors: L.H. Sobin, Ch. Wittekind. International Union Against Cancer. Publisher: John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2002.

Colonoscopic surveillance for prevention of colorectal cancer in people with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease or adenomas. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, March 2011 – link to the guidelines

Cetuximab for third-line treatment of patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer
All Wales Medicines Strategy Group, 2010 – link to guidelines

Guidelines for the Management of Colorectal Cancer (3rd Edition)
Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, 2007 – link to the guidelines

Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, June 2005 – link to the guidelines

Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancers – Manual Update
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, May 2004 – link to the guidelines

Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, March 2004 – link to the guidelines

Management of Colorectal Cancer
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2003 – link to the guidelines

NICE Technology Appraisals – www.nice.org.uk

• Selective internal radiation therapy for non resectable colorectal metastases in the liver (July 2011)
• Bevacizumab for metastatic bowel cancer (December 2010)
• Radiofrequency ablation for colorectal liver metastases (December 2009)
• Cetuximab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (August 2009)
• Ex-vivo hepatic resection and reimplantation for liver cancer (April 2009)
• Microwave ablation for the treatment of metastases in the liver (May 2007)
• Colorectal cancer (metastatic) – bevacizumab and cetuximab (January 2007)
• Preoperative high dose rate brachytherapy for rectal cancer (December 2006)
• Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer (August 2006)
• Capecitabine and oxaliplatin in the treatment of Stage III (Dukes C) colorectal cancer (April 2006)
• Raltitrexed, oxaliplatin and irinotecan for advanced bowel cancer – review (August 2005)
• Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy) (June 2005)
• Capecitabine and tegafur with uracil for advanced bowel cancer (May 2003)

Scottish Medicines Consortium – www.scottishmedicines.org.uk

• Capecitabine and oxaliplatin for the treatment of stage 3 colorectal cancer (SMC No. 716/11)

Colorectal cancer. Cunningham and others. The Lancet, 2010. Vol 375. Pages 1030–47.

Anti-angiogenic therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer (Cochrane Review). Wagner A., Arnold D, Grothey A, Haerting J, Unverzagt S. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2009. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Adjuvant Therapy for completely resected Stage II Colon Cancer. Figueredo A, Coombes ME, Mukherjee S. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2008. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Chromoscopy versus conventional endoscopy for the detection of polyps in the colon and rectum (Cochrane Review). Brown SR, Baraza W, Hurlstone P. In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2008. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Adjuvant Therapy for completely resected Stage II Colon Cancer. Figueredo A, Coombes ME, Mukherjee S. In The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2008. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Hewitson P, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Towler B, Watson E. In The Cochrane Library, 2007, Issue 1. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Hepatic artery adjuvant chemotherapy for patients having resection or ablation of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver (Cochrane Review). Nelson R, Freels S. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2006. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Chinese medical herbs for chemotherapy side effects in colorectal cancer patients. Wu T, Munro AJ, Guanjian L, Liu GJ. In The Cochrane Library, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Dr Nazia Mohammed, PhD FRCP
Mr Tariq Ismail Md FRCS

Dee McLean – MeDee Art, Medical Illustration