Where this bladder cancer information comes from

All our information is checked by cancer specialists and surgeons who specialise in treating cancer. The names of our specialist reviewers are at the end of this list. We also try to find patients to review all our sections. If you have had bladder cancer, live in the UK and would like to become a patient reviewer, you can write to us by clicking on contact us.

Cancer Research UK
CancerStats Series

National Cancer Institute (US)
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/bladder

Principles and practice of oncology (8th edition)
De Vita VT, Hellman S and Rosenberg SA
Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2008

TNM (Tumour Node Metastases) Classification
Union International Contre le Cancer (UICC), 2009

Cancer and its management (6th edition)
Tobias J and Hochhauser D
Blackwell, 2010

World Health Organisation Bladder Cancer Grading. WHO/International Society of Urological Pathology, 2004

Guidelines on muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. Stemzl A and others, European Association of Urology, 2008

Guidelines on Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Oosterlinke W and others, European Association of Urology, 2006

Improving outcomes in urological cancers – The Manual. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, September 2002
www.nice.org.uk

Referral guidelines for suspected cancer. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), June 2005.
http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG27/niceguidance/pdf/English

Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), December 2005
http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign85.pdf

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Appraisals
www.nice.org.uk

• Laparoscopic cystectomy, Dec 2003
• Intravesical microwave hyperthermia with intravesical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, Oct 2007
• Electrically stimulated intravesical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, Nov 2008

The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC)
www.scottishmedicines.org.uk    

• Vinflunine for transitional cell cancer of the urothelial tract, Feb 2011 (SMC No. 686/11)

Screening for bladder cancer using the urinalysis/dipstick method. A report for the National Screening Committee, Feb 2010

Guidelines on Bladder Cancer. Muscle invasive and Metastatic. European Association of Urology, 2006

Guidelines on Non muscle invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1 and CIS) European Association of Urology, 2011

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder. Sved P and others. British Journal of Urology International, (2004), 94, 12 to 17

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Shelley M and others. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. Art. No: CD003231. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003231.

Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Böhle A and Bock PR. Journal of Urology. 2005 Mar;173(3):730-1.

Risk stratification nomogram. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with Ta, T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Sylvester and others. European Urological Journal, 2006, 49: 466-77

Multicentre study comparing intravesical chemotherapy alone and with local microwave hyperthermia for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Columbo R and others. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2003, 21: 4270-6

Sequential BCG and electromotive Mitomycin C vs BCG alone for high risk superficial bladder cancer. Distasi et al. Lancet Oncology 2006, 7: 43-51.

Dr GB Mead, DM, FRCP (consultant oncologist)
Mr M Bailey, MS, FRCS (consultant urology surgeon)
Gabi MacEwan (patient reviewer)

Dee McLean, McDee Art, Medical Illustration